This study addresses the growing juridical and ethical challenges surrounding crypto assets within Islamic law, particularly the absence of an integrated and auditable framework for determining their status as wealth (al-māl). Existing studies predominantly focus on general halal–haram judgments, single-token analyses (such as Bitcoin or stablecoins), or regulatory and fatwa-based discussions, without systematically mapping different crypto token typologies against classical fiqh definitions of wealth and Qurʼānic–Sunnah-based positions of property. This gap results in fragmented legal reasoning and normative uncertainty in Sharīʿah decision-making. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to construct a cross-school Sharīʿah evaluation matrix that simultaneously covers all five major crypto token typologies—utility, security, asset-backed (including stablecoins), DeFi, and NFTs—using five classical fiqh wealth indicators distilled from all four Sunni schools (Ḥanafī, Mālikī, Shāfiʿī, and Ḥanbalī): taʿyīn (clarity of object/right), qīmah (lawful value), qabd (delivery/possession), manfaʿat mubāḥ(lawful benefit), and dhamān (liability). The matrix is anchored to five Qurʼānic wealth positions and constrained by the 2021 MUI ruling, and operationalized through a transparent three-point scoring rubric with explicit decision thresholds, enabling replicable and auditable assessments. Employing a juridical-normative research design with qualitative content analysis, the study examines Qurʼānicverses, Prophetic traditions, classical fiqh doctrines, contemporary scholarly literature, fatwas, and technical documentation of crypto tokens. The findings indicate that crypto assets cannot be judged uniformly; their Sharīʿah status depends on the clarity of rights, underlying value, delivery mechanisms, benefit legality, and enforceable liability. Asset-backed tokens and certain security tokens demonstrate the highest potential for conditional permissibility (scoring 11–14 out of 15), while utility tokens, DeFi tokens, and NFTs require stricter Sharīʿah controls due to higher risks of speculation, uncertainty, and governance deficiencies (scoring 6–10). Concrete case illustrations of Bitcoin, Ethereum, USDT, USDC, Uniswap, and NFT platforms are provided to demonstrate the practical application of the framework. This matrix offers a replicable, auditable tool for Sharīʿah supervisory boards, regulators, and fintech practitioners to assess new and emerging digital assets consistently under Islamic law.
Penelitian
The Perspective of Wealth on Crypto Assets Based on the Qurʼan and Hadith
SINTA 3
- ISSN: P-ISSN 1907–8145; E-ISSN 2460–0717
Index Akreditasi Jurnal: Sinta 3-4
Tanggal Publikasi: 10 Jun 2026
Abstrak
Keyword
cryptocurrency, Islamic law, al-māl, Sharīʿah compliance, maqāṣid al-sharīʿah, evaluation matrix
Sitasi
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