This study aims to seek the validity of Ricardian equivalence in Indonesia and Malaysia using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). This study finds the invalidity of Ricardian equivalence in the long-term and short-term in both countries. For Indonesia case, during the last three financial crisis happens in 1998, 2008, and 2020 caused by COVID-19, Ricardian equivalence happens only in 1998. More interestingly, this study finds that there is a different relationship between household savings and household expenditure in Indonesia and Malaysia. This study is expected to contribute to the development of body of knowledge, particularly with the case of Ricardian equivalence and Keynes approaches on expansionary fiscal policy as well as practical public policy, particularly related to government budget in crisis and household saving and expenditure.

Abstract:This study examines the impact of Islamic preaching content delivered by K.H. Ahmad Bahauddin Nursalim (Gus Baha), Ustadz Adi Hidayat, and Ustadz Khalid Basalamah via YouTube and TikTok on the religious knowledge and tolerance attitudes of the urban Muslim community in Bogor, Indonesia. Employing a sequential explanatory mixed-methods approach, the research integrates quantitative survey data analyzed via multiple regression with qualitative insights gathered from in-depth interviews with local religious figures and community members. The findings reveal that 88.2% of the variance in religious tolerance behavior is attributable to the consumption of digital religious content on these platforms. While TikTok contributes to the rapid dissemination of visualized religious messages, YouTube offers more structured, in-depth religious discourse, both of which reinforce spiritual awareness and interfaith empathy. The study concludes that social media platforms play a transformative role in shaping urban religiosity, functioning as digital spaces for ethicalformation, theological education, and inclusive civic identity. Theoretically, this research contributes to the growing discourse on digital religious literacy, demonstrating how algorithm-driven environments mediate new modes of religious engagement. Practically, it provides actionable insights for religious institutions and policymakers to design adaptive and pluralist religious communication strategies in an increasingly mediated society.Keywords: Adi Hidayat; digital preaching; Gus Baha; TikTok; urban religiosity; YouTube