The Hajj and Umrah rituals are central acts of worship in Islam, containing intertwined spiritual, social, cultural, economic, and political dimensions. In the context of globalization and advanced modernity, these rituals have undergone significant transformation, from traditional spiritual pilgrimage practices to global religious phenomena mediated by digital technology, the travel industry, and transnational market logic. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of this transformation through the religious studies approach developed by Hillary Rodrigues and John S. Harding, which rejects the reductive dichotomy between insider perspectives (faith, religious experience, and theological commitment) and outsider perspectives (critical academic analysis). This study uses an interdisciplinary qualitative approach with a library research design. Primary data sources include the Qur'an, hadith, and the theoretical works of Rodrigues and Harding, while secondary data sources include scientific journal articles, academic books, and contemporary studies on the Hajj, Umrah, and religion in the digital age. Data analysis is conducted through concept reduction, contextual interpretation, and theoretical synthesis by integrating theological, phenomenological, and sociological perspectives. The results of this study indicate that the Rodrigues–Harding approach allows for a more holistic understanding of the Hajj and Umrah as ritual practices that are simultaneously sacred and social. This study also finds that the commodification and mediatization of rituals in the contemporary era creates a paradox between the ideal of spiritual simplicity and the reality of material splendor, but at the same time opens up new spaces for the formation of global Muslim solidarity, including through digital media. The contribution of this study lies in strengthening the interdisciplinary analytical framework in the study of Islamic rituals that bridges faith and science, and offers a critical reflection on the spiritual meaning of the Hajj and Umrah amidst modern socio-cultural changes.

Islamic education is an educational system that focuses on teaching Islamic values, and religious teachings, as well as spiritual and moral development in the context of learning. Islamic education has a key role in forming Muslim individuals who understand, practice, and spread the values of the Islamic religion in everyday life and contribute to the development of a civilized and harmonious society. This research aims to present an overview of research developments in the field of Islamic education in Indonesia using the VOSviewer application. The data analyzed were 500 research publications on Islamic education indexed by Dimensions. Bibliometric analysis methods are used to collect data from related articles published within a certain period. The study indicates that research related to Islamic education in Indonesia has experienced an increase during the period from 1965 to 2023, with an annual growth rate of 3.86%. This signifies significant interest in this topic. Ismail Suardi Wekke has been identified as the most influential researcher with 7 published articles. Among the core journals, the Journal of Islamic Education stands out by publishing 20 documents related to the research theme. Keyword network analysis has yielded several research streams, including education on anti-corruption leadership, improvement of digital literacy in elementary schools, entrepreneurship and economics education in Islamic boarding schools, and enhancement of Sharia financial literacy in schools. The study also provides a number of potential research agendas for the future concerning Islamic education in Indonesia.

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